Some stuff we just can’t part with because it reflects who we are

By Sonya Padgett
LAS VEGAS REVIEW-JOURNAL
Posted: Mar. 20, 2011

You know you love your stuff when you buy furniture for it.

Before he acquired an IKEA shelf in 2008, Brett Kasden kept his roughly 250 record albums in milk crates. But after a years’ long love affair with vinyl, he thought it was time to display them in a more respectable and visible way. After all, he loves his stuff.

“I consider myself a casual collector,” says Kasden, 27. “I put very little time into it, but I guess I take it seriously enough that I bought a shelf specifically for my albums. That’s kind of funny.”

Stuff: It can be anything. And it can be absolutely nothing. However it’s defined — material, substance, essence, even worthless objects — Americans seemingly can’t live without it. Nor can they stop acquiring it.

Take Apple’s launch of the iPad 2 on March 11. Thousands of people stood in line for hours hoping to be among the lucky few to buy the latest, greatest thing since last year, when the original iPad came out.

It has become a common sight in this country. Around the holidays or whenever a new product hits store shelves, Americans line up to buy more stuff.

“I do think Americans are defined by material possessions, sadly. And I ask myself all the time, why do things have such importance in our lives?” says Blaze Gusic, 45, a local pediatrician who collects Broadway handbills and posters.

Mohandas Gandhi, who supposedly could fit all of his worldly possessions into a shoe box, might wonder the same thing. But rest assured, there is a valid reason behind our drive to acquire and then acquire some more. And a reason why we have such a hard time parting with our stuff. At least, a valid American reason.

Research has shown that material possessions have become an extension of ourselves, says Angeline Close, a professor of marketing at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. So essentially, the stuff we have defines who we are. Or who we think we are and want to be.

“It’s called extension of the self, but really it’s extending the perceived self,” says Close, who studies consumer behavior. “For instance, if you perceive yourself as someone who is adventurous, you might be attracted more to something that is perceived as an adventurous brand, maybe something rugged or outdoors-related.”

As for all those enthusiastic Apple fans who stood in line to be among the first to own an iPad 2, they are the rarest of consumers: the hip and cool. The trendsetter. The tech savvy. Only about 13 percent of consumers are believed to be among those who must be the first to own something, Close says. But they’re still using the iPad 2 to define themselves.

“They benefit from a sense of satisfaction of being the first,” Close says. “But it can backfire because when something new comes out, it’s usually better to wait a bit for the kinks to get worked out. These first people are also risk takers in the sense that they don’t wait for the company to tweak the product.”

How you see yourself influences the things you buy and the possessions you value most. So it’s not surprising that consumer consumption is emotionally driven and even influenced by the people in our lives. Researchers have found that pleasure seeking centers in the brain are heightened when people buy stuff.

“Consumers don’t have the ability to step back and see underlying reasons or motivations for why we buy material goods. It’s shaped by culture, your family, your subculture. There’s evidence to suggest that your peer group strongly influences your buying behavior,” Close says. “Advertisers know this.”

When local Lori Nelson, 40, was a kid, her parents took her to see “Annie” on Broadway. That experience sparked a lifelong interest in live theater and music; to date, Nelson has seen dozens of plays, concerts and sporting events. About 25 years ago, she started saving the ticket stubs to every live event she attended. They serve as a tangible reminder of the good feelings she experienced at that time.

“Theater was something I was introduced to as a child by my mom,” Nelson recalls. “We were a middle class family, so going to a live event was a very special experience. And when I go, it’s not unusual for a play or concert to evoke strong emotions. So for me, (the stubs) are very personal.”

The antithesis of a collector, Nelson possesses an anti-collection of ticket stubs from George Michael concerts, Debbie Gibson performances and others. She decided on a whim to see what would happen if she started saving them.

“I thought this would be a really fun, nostalgic thing to document what I’ve done because sometimes you lose track of time, don’t remember when or where you were when you experienced something,” Nelson says.

Even though she stores them in a giant envelope and doesn’t look at them on a daily basis, Nelson wouldn’t want to part with them.

“I’ve never thought about that. I’d say giving them up would take a little piece of me away,” Nelson says. “I can replace a TV or a couch. But these tickets, to me, are my documentation of some important things I’ve done along the way.”

There is a common sense reason why people have a hard time getting rid of things, Close says. It’s because there’s a memory attached to something, even if it’s torn or stained or unusable.

However, the opposite also is true; when there’s a bad memory attached, people usually don’t have trouble parting with something.

Kasden can’t imagine losing an album, mostly because he would have to buy another one. But his collection also is a part of his identity. And it’s uniquely his.

Not surprising that he feels that way; Americans above any culture value individualism, Close says.

“When I first started collecting, it was fun, like discovering an entirely new world of things,” says Kasden, who prefers punk rock music. “No one in my family was into stuff like that so it seemed like something entirely my own.”

Zappos tours showcase company’s quirks

‘Culture guides’ lead as many as 1,200 visitors a month through the online shoe and apparel retailer’s suburban Las Vegas headquarters, helping impart the brand’s offbeat ethos.

By Ashley Powers, Los Angeles Times

April 29, 2011

Reporting from Henderson, Nev.—

Michelle Lalonde beamed in the manner of a Vegas tourist about to polish off a yard-long margarita. Only there was no tequila — or neon or showgirls — in sight.

She and her business partner, Adriana De Luca, had arrived at one of the Las Vegas area’s more offbeat, and increasingly popular, attractions: an hourlong tour of cubicles. Oh, and a lunchroom too.

The online shoe and apparel retailer Zappos leads as many as 1,200 visitors a month through its suburban Las Vegas headquarters, translating its quirky customs for the overworked, underpaid suit-and-tie masses. “Culture guides” (no tour guides here) offer witticisms, some history and a shot at modeling a samurai helmet.

Like many tourgoers, Lalonde and De Luca were fans of “Delivering Happiness,” Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh’s bestseller. The back cover hints at the company’s offbeat appeal. No. 1 on a list of 10 reasons to buy it: “This book makes an excellent fire-starter.”

Zappos, which fellow Internet retailer Amazon scooped up in 2009 for about $1 billion, represented the alt-indie vibe that Lalonde and De Luca wanted for their skincare company, Tiber River Naturals. So the women, who employ about 30 people in Winnipeg, Canada, recently ducked out of a small-business conference, hoping to learn a few tricks.

Company tours — of auto plants, glass factories, candy makers, a kazoo factory in Eden, N.Y. — are nothing new. But groups touring Zappos don’t see craftsmen assembling stilettos and loafers. They don’t see the warehouse; that’s in Kentucky.

They don’t even gawk at much footwear, though the company’s name riffs off “zapatos,” Spanish for “shoes.”

Instead, they weave through cubicles bedecked with streamers, faux foliage and Mardi Gras beads. And a life-size cutout of a Jon Hamm-lookalike whose T-shirt says “I ♥ Shoes Bags and Boys.”

In the same way Disneyland’s Main Street imagines a town center without graffiti and homeless camps, Zappos imagines a workplace without the corporate-clone ethos mocked by “Dilbert” and “Office Space.” The persona, and the company’s reputation for first-rate customer service, has ginned up publicity, though they couldn’t ward off recession-related woes. In 2008, Zappos laid off 8% of roughly 1,600 employees.

The tour lures mostly Zappos fanatics about 10 miles off of the Las Vegas Strip, to a taupe office park near a Claim Jumper restaurant. Visitors are offered popcorn, ice cream and a copy of a book in which employees muse about what the company’s culture means. “Situational comedy,” one wrote. “And yellow bananas.”

Joe Bruzzese, 41, of Santa Barbara dragged along his wife, their two children and his parents when he took it a second time. “I wanted the kids to see what work could be like. Most offices are so sterile,” said Bruzzese, an author who focuses on school bullying issues. He won over his less-enthused wife, Kim, by promising, “Well, you’ll see some shoes.”

Zappos says it didn’t set out to create another tourist trap. Las Vegas already offers the Atomic Testing and Erotic Heritage museums. (Alas, the Liberace Museum closed.) The company launched the tours a few years back for vendors attending fashion industry conventions on the Strip. Word spread.

Zappos now offers at least four free tours a day, four days a week. Want more? The “Tour Plus” costs $47, and the two-day boot camp — in which participants learn “New age effective management techniques” and more — is $3,997.

Angeline Close, an assistant professor of marketing at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, said Zappos was dabbling in “experiential marketing,” a form of promotion that’s more intimate than a TV ad and can more tightly bond company and customer. With the tours, she said, Zappos can show off the “brand personality” it’s worked hard to build.

“You tend to like things or people you know more about,” she said. “You’re more likely to trust a company and trust a brand, especially online, when you see the people behind the website.” Tourgoers also might post kudos on Twitter or Facebook — as the culture guides repeatedly encourage — or provide other word-of-mouth advertising.

This spring afternoon, Lalonde and De Luca’s tour began with a video that zipped through Zappos’ history. A guy named Nick Swinmurn couldn’t find Airwalk Desert Chukka boots in the size and color he desired and eventually launched the company. It moved to Nevada in 2004, partly because the 24-hour culture accommodated graveyard-shift workers.

Investor-turned-CEO Hsieh fostered an office with the tousled casualness of a college dorm, where some employees call themselves “Zapponians” and a top executive named Fred Mossler refuses to accept a title. “Just Fred,” the video explained.

The tourists headed to a cubicle maze bedecked with Christmas lights, posters of the Periodic Table of Elements and a stuffed raccoon’s hindquarters. Some conference rooms were named for casinos,including New York-New York and Monte Carlo. A dangling name tag with “Tony” marked the CEO’s cubicle.

“Does Tony come in every day?” someone shouted.

“You never know when you might see him,” said the group’s guide, Rocco DeBenedictis. Or what else you might witness.

One day near a sign for “Monkey Row,” where Hsieh sits, a female tourgoer proclaimed on a bullhorn that she loved her life. Her boyfriend replied, “Will you marry me?” They returned to get hitched by an Elvis impersonator.

Today, there were neither Hsieh sightings nor marriage proposals. But Zappos teams livened up the tour as DeBenedictis marched onward — past cubicles cluttered with hiking boots and photos of party hat-wearing cats.

“I couldn’t work in that environment,” Lalonde said later. “I think it would make me nuts. I need clean space.”

Even so, Lalonde, 41, and De Luca, 39, snapped pictures with an enthusiasm tourists usually reserve for the Bellagio fountains.

When they reached the team for Zappos sister website 6pm.com — it sells clearance shoes and clothing — they were greeted with tambourines. A bit later, the apparel team tinkled triangles. And when they got to human resources, the team did not disappoint, with a sign comparing the group to a mullet (“Business in the front … Party in the Back!!!”) and a recording of “Eye of the Tiger,” accompanied by shake weights.

DeBenedictis then guided the group to the call center, where workers murmured into headsets. They’re encouraged to follow up with customers, perhaps with notes (“Have a Rock Star birthday!” said one on display) and sweets.

At the tour’s end, DeBenedictis led the group downstairs to a replica of the company’s Royalty Room, which includes an intricately carved throne and an array of headgear. De Luca chose the samurai helmet. “I feel power,” she said before DeBenedictis snapped her picture.

Back in Winnipeg, she and Lalonde decided some Zappos traits were worth copying for their Tiber River skincare firm: sending thank-you notes to customers, defining what the company stood for and making decisions based on that.

They’d already started their own culture book. “Tiber River is like Cheers,” said the first entry, which De Luca posted on the company blog. “Everyone knows each other.”

Romantics go heartfelt but cheap for Valentine’s Day

Romantics go heartfelt but cheap for Valentine’s Day

February 14, 2009

Long-stemmed roses are being replaced by homemade cards. Theater tickets are being replaced by Netflix. Personal jewelry is being replaced by personal poems.

And even some preparing to propose today are seeking a bargain approach. On Yahoo, searches for “cheap engagement rings” are off the charts compared with a year ago, said Vera Chan, a trend analyst for the company.

Other searches that are up from last year are “cheap lingerie,” “free Valentine’s Day cards” and “homemade Valentine’s Day gifts.”

Valentine’s Day, a more discretionary holiday compared with birthdays and Christmas, is proving particularly vulnerable to the bursting of the economic bubble. Diamond jewelry sales are down 20 to 30 percent. Flower sales are likely to tighten as well, in part because the day falls on a Saturday.

In the current economic climate, many men say it comes as a great relief not to have to produce a material manifestation of an intangible emotion.

For Marc Matsumoto, 31, a New York marketing manager who was laid off in December, Valentine’s Days past meant splurging on $700 to $1,000 dinners, $400 and $500 dresses from Theory and Eli Tahari, and jewelry from Tiffany’s. This year, he and his wife are planning a meal at home.

Angeline Close, a business professor at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas, who has studied consumer attitudes toward Valentine’s Day, says the reassessment of the day is forcing it back to its roots. It started out as an intimate card-giving occasion in the mid 1800s, then grew into the second-most-marketed holiday after Christmas.

“It became a card and chocolate,” Close said. “Then card, chocolate and roses, and then card, chocolate, roses and a lavish night out.”

Last year, consumers spent an average of $122.98 on Valentine’s Day gifts and merchandise, up from $80 in 2003, according to the National Retail Federation. With men, Close said, “a lot of it had to do with the whole one-upmanship.” This year, however, the average expense is expected to drop 17 percent, to $102.50, the federation said.

Source: Close, Angeline G. and George M. Zinkhan (2009), “Market Resistance and Valentine’s Day Events,” Journal of Business Research, (62) 2 (Feb), 200-207.

Women proving to be dedicated NFL fans

Women proving to be dedicated NFL fans

  • Duane Prokop/Las Vegas Review-Journal

    Veteran San Francisco 49ers fan Tina Ellison became a devout cheesehead after meeting her husband, Todd. Now, Ellison says she considers herself a die-hard fan of both the 49ers and the Green Bay Packers and will be rooting — enthusiastically — for the latter today. (enlarge to view more photos)

  • Jerry Henkel/Las Vegas Review-Journal

    Die-hard Pittsburgh Steelers fans Carla Wilson, left, and Kim Keefer — accompanied by a cardboard cutout of Steelers stalwart Jerome Bettis — will be rooting for the black and gold when the Steelers play the Green Bay Packers today in Super Bowl XLV. (enlarge to view more photos)

  • Jerry Henkel/Las Vegas Review-Journal

    Die-hard Green Bay Packers fan Roxanne Wolf has collected her fair share of Packers paraphernalia over the years. She and her husband, Jeff, make it to Lambeau Field at least once each season to take in a Packers home game. (enlarge to view more photos)

  • Jerry Henkel/Las Vegas Review-Journal

    This blingy bulldog is part of Packers fan Roxanne Wolf’s collection. 

Duane Prokop/Las Vegas Review-Journal

Veteran San Francisco 49ers fan Tina Ellison became a devout cheesehead after meeting her husband, Todd. Now, Ellison says she considers herself a die-hard fan of both the 49ers and the Green Bay Packers and will be rooting — enthusiastically — for the latter today. (enlarge to view more photos)

By John Przybys
LAS VEGAS REVIEW-JOURNAL
Feb. 6, 2011

It’d be fun to introduce Kim Keefer and Carla Wilson to Roxanne Wolf and Tina Ellison today, and maybe even buy them a drink or two while they got to know one another.

They’d probably have a lot in common. They’re nice, they have great senses of humor, they enjoy a good time and they’d probably get along really well.

But you would have to separate them at about 3:30 p.m. today. That’s roughly when Super Bowl XLV kicks off at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, and it’s then that things might turn a bit, well, loud.

You see, Keefer and Wilson are avid, rabid fans of the Pittsburgh Steelers, while Wolf and Ellison are just as avid, just as rabid fans of the Green Bay Packers. And, for the odd Neanderthalish male fan who still argues that football is a man’s game, these women are gridiron-loving, jersey-wearing, allegiance-swearing proof to the contrary.

For more proof, scope out the crowd when you enter your favorite bar, sports book or Super Bowl party today. Odds are you’ll see plenty of women there, most of whom probably are as serious about the big game as you are.

Fact is, watching NFL games is one of American women’s favorite sporting pastimes. A recent national survey by Scarborough Sports Marketing asked women 18 and older to rank their interest in 31 sports, from NFL football to high school sports, on a four-point scale ranging from “very interested” to “not interested.”

According to the survey, the only two sports that more than half of American women say they have interest in are the Olympics and the NFL, with 55 percent and 51 percent respectively, notes Bill Nielsen, the company’s vice president of sales. (Major League Baseball, with 40 percent, was next.)

The survey also reveals that 42 percent of the NFL’s total fan base is made up of women.

The most-interested female football fans “are the group that’s going to games, they’re on NFL.com or team websites,” Nielsen says. “They’re the engaged football fan, watching regular season games, maybe even watching pre-season games.”

That sounds right to lifelong Steelers fan Keefer, who says she has noticed more and more women watching games these days compared to even as recently as 10 years ago.

Keefer’s dad was born in Pittsburgh and moved with his parents to California when he was about 6. However, he took with him on his westward move his love of the Steelers and, when the time came, passed it along to his daughter.

“I grew up a Steelers fan,” Keefer says. “It’s in the genes. I can’t help it.”

Now, Keefer — whose husband is from Pittsburgh and who thus is, of course, another Steelers fan — is passing on her love of the black-and-gold to her own kids.

“My daughter is a Steelers fan. She kind of jumped on the bandwagon,” Keefer says. “And my grandson is 3½ and he’s a huge Steelers fan. He can pronounce ‘Polamalu’ without a problem.”

Packers fan Ellison also was born a fan, but of the San Francisco 49ers. Her dad was a 49ers fan, she explains, and “once they built Candlestick (Park), he became a season ticket holder. My parents would do the whole tailgate thing, and … I can remember probably at the age of 4 going to games.”

Then Ellison met her husband, Todd, and became a devout cheesehead.

“I knew of (the Packers), but I wasn’t really a fan until I met my husband,” she says. “That was in the mid-’80s.”

Now, she says, “I’m a die-hard 49ers fan, but I’m also a die-hard Packer fan, too. I follow both teams.”

Wolf, a native of Madison, Wis., became a die-hard Packer fan about the age of 5, “in the late ’60s when the Packers were going to the first Super Bowls.

“I have memories of my dad putting the couch in front of the TV — TVs were very small back then — and … everybody going crazy. It’s one of my earliest memories of football.”

Wolf’s ardor for the Packers didn’t dim when she and the family moved to California when she was about 11.

“I was just born with it,” Wolf adds. “It’s just something that is, and it’s always been part of who I am.”

In contrast, there’s Steelers die-hard and Indiana native Wilson, who admits that she “never was into football growing up.”

“My dad used to watch it on TV, and I couldn’t stand it,” she says.

Then, when she was 21, Wilson met her husband, who grew up outside of Pittsburgh and who, Wilson says, “was born a fan.”

They’ve been together for 27 years and married for the past 14. Yet, when her husband and, maybe, a few friends would sit in the living room to watch the Steelers play on TV, “I would be cooking for the game — Buffalo wings or chicken fingers or homemade pizza.”

Then she began to listen to the game from the kitchen. Then she began to peek in on it. Then she began to sit down and watch it with them.

Wilson says she has been a “serious — real serious” Steelers fan since 2003 or 2004. And, of her three kids, “two of them are die-hard Steelers fans, and my oldest is a Vikings fan. His second team is the Steelers.”

Angeline Close, an assistant professor of marketing at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas who studies consumer behavior and sports marketing, notes that, often, “culture and family shape consumers’ behavior.”

“It’s just kind of subconscious, learned behavior,” she says, that “you kind of do what your parents do when it comes to consuming a brand. And that brand can be a product, but it can also be an experience or entertainment brand like a football team.”

Nor is the notion that a woman can be as fanatical as a man about a football team sound as odd as it might have even a generation ago. Close — who also is editor of the recently published book “Consumer Behavior Knowledge for Effective Sports and Event Marketing” — has done research that reveals that “leisure time activities are becoming more gender-neutral.”

“We found, for example, that men are more interested in ballet than in years past,” she explains, “and women are getting more interested in things like football and things that are (traditionally) more male-oriented.”

Consequently, Close adds, “the way that marketers are branding leisure and entertainment brands has been much more gender-neutral.”

In the end, however, those crazed, jersey-wearing women you’ll be seeing at Super Bowl events today probably are football fans for the same reason as the crazed, jersey-wearing guys.

“It’s just such an exciting sport,” Ellison says.

“It’s fast-paced, and the guys can do some amazing things.”

Source:   Zinkhan, George M., Penelope Prenshaw, and Angeline G. Close (2004). “Sex-Typing of Leisure Activities,” Advances in Consumer Research, 31, 412-419.

Some capitalizing on opportunities of presidential race

Some capitalizing on opportunities of presidential race

  • Photo by Jason Bean/Review-Journal

    A 7-Eleven at Rancho Drive and Charleston Boulevard invites people to buy coffee based on their presidential preference. In Nevada, Obama cups are outpacing McCain cups 64 percent to 36 percent. 

Photo by Jason Bean/Review-Journal

A 7-Eleven at Rancho Drive and Charleston Boulevard invites people to buy coffee based on their presidential preference. In Nevada, Obama cups are outpacing McCain cups 64 percent to 36 percent.

By RICHARD LAKE
REVIEW-JOURNAL
Nov. 1, 2008

Despite what you may have heard, capitalism is not yet dead.

As proof, we offer condoms, coffee and cat poop, brought to you by way of Barack Obama and John McCain.

Seriously. Read on.

Is there any event in contemporary America we share as deeply, as broadly, as a presidential election? Americans might disagree on the specifics, but we love us some votin’!

Which means it’s an unparalleled opportunity to sell stuff to people because they’re actually paying attention.

The election isn’t sponsored yet — November 2012, brought to you by Levitra! — in the style of sports stadiums or NASCAR, but the day might come.

For now, though, we have the above mentioned goodies. And lots of others.

“The Obama masks sold out first,” said Jan Misch, who manages the Party Pro Halloween store on Flamingo near I-215. “About three weeks ago.”

She said there was intense interest in presidential characters this year. McCain masks went almost as fast as Obama’s. The George Bush masks are long gone, too.

And while no one cared enough to ask for a Joe Biden outfit, the other vice presidential candidate was popular.

“We never did have Sarah Palin masks, but everybody and their brother asks about stuff for her,” Misch said. “Glasses, pins, wigs, whatever.”

And speaking of Palin, the newest marketing ploy to use her face is condoms.

A New York company, Practice Safe Policy, recently added a condom wrapped in Palin’s image to its lineup of existing prophylactics featuring McCain and Obama.

There are also coffee mugs, T-shirts, candy, bobblehead dolls, and even election ringtones for sale out there.

UNLV marketing professor Angeline Close said that sort of thing is normal business.

There’s even an academic term for it: affect transfer.

That means folks who get enjoyment out of one thing can transfer that enjoyment to things associated with it.

Dale Earnhardt Jr. fans, for example, might like Budweiser and Mountain Dew because they’ve sponsored his race cars.

Interested voters might associate good thoughts with a convenience store that’s paying special attention to them.

“That’s why 7-Eleven is doing that,” Close said. “You think, ‘I love politics. They love politics. I love 7-Eleven.’ ”

The chain has long had a promotion tied to elections featuring red or blue coffee cups — blue for Obama Democrats, red for McCain Republicans.

The chain, which has stores in 30 states, says Obama is leading nationwide in coffee cup sales 60 percent to 40 percent. The results in Nevada are similar, 64 to 36.

These kind of mock polls are a popular way of getting a business’ name out there.

Internet retailer Amazon.com has a red vs. blue tracking map on its Web site noting which political books are selling best. The map indicates right-leaning books are outselling lefty books. Obama’s book, however, is outselling McCain’s, the retailer says.

Halloween retailer buycostumes.com claims sales of its presidential masks have predicted the past two elections. This year, Obama masks outsold McCain’s 55 percent to 45 percent.

Travel Web site vegas.com is offering discounts to folks who choose a candidate while booking hotel rooms. Their polling has Obama up 42 percent to 38 percent over McCain.

A local bakery that’s selling red and blue cookies reported that Obama had a slight lead earlier this week.

A less tasty poll is being taken at an Ohio animal shelter. The shelter partnered with a radio station and outfitted the cat area with a red litter box and a blue litter box. The results so far for the “kitty caucus,” according news reports earlier this week, had McCain up by one, um, “vote.”

Source:  Close, Angeline G., Anjala Krishen, and Michael S. LaTour (2009). “This Event is Me!: How Consumer-Event Congruity Leverages Sponsorship,” Journal of Advertising Research, 49 (3), 271-284.

New Scientist

Is commerce ripping the heart out of Valentine’s Day?

By Andy Coghlan, New Scientist 15(35), Feburary 13, 2009
Source: Close, Angeline G. and George M. Zinkhan (2009), “Market Resistance and Valentine’s Day Events,” Journal of Business Research, (62) 2 (Feb), 200-207.


Growing numbers of people are starting to resent the commercialisation of Valentine’s Day and other social occasions (Image: Per Lindgren/Rex)

A large number of number of people resent buying presents on Valentine’s Day, new research has shown

In questionnaires, respondents said they resented capitulating to commercially driven pressure to buy lavish gifts for a partner.

Others said that if people genuinely love each other, they do so always, and so shouldn’t be forced to spend money proving it on a specific day, and largely for commercial profit. Valentine’s gifts generated an estimated $13.7 billion in revenue in 2006 in the US.

“Excessive and obligatory gift exchange traditions have sparked anti-consumption and alternative consumption behaviours in recent years,” says Angeline Close of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and lead author of a paper exploring the phenomenon.

Keep ’em keen

Close and her colleague, George Zinkhan of the University of Georgia in Athens, based their conclusions on a survey of 198 individuals on Valentine’s Day in 2003, and on subsequent analyses of diary and emails.

The survey showed that 81% of men in new relationships felt most obliged to buy Valentine’s gifts, the largest group saying they would go along with the traditions. Next were women in new relationships, half of whom said they felt obliged to buy.

But willingness to conform fell away in more mature relationships, with only 44% of men and a measly 13% of women bowing to obligation.

“One explanation for such anti-consumption is that gifts are unnecessary to continue a more established dating relationship,” says Close.

‘Taking advantage of love’

Overall, 63% of men surveyed said they would buy something in 2003, and 31% of women.

But further research examining diary entries and emails revealed that many buy gifts only grudgingly, feeling pressurised into doing it against their will simply to “conform”.

One respondent quoted in the research said: “Valentine’s day is a marketing strategy by the flower and candy companies. It’s a cheesy, overblown, stupid ‘holiday’ to force you to spend money on each other.”

Another said: “Valentine’s Day is a great marketing scam by the greeting card people.”

“Valentine’s Day is a marketing technique designed to take advantage of people who are in love,” said another.

‘Growing disenchantment’

Close said that “anti-consumptive” individuals fell into three categories: those that resented giving gifts, perhaps because of the expense; those that resented buying gifts from specific outlets; and those that rejected the entire concept of Valentine’s Day.

Mike Lee of the University of Auckland Business School, and founder of the International Centre for Anti-Consumption Research said that the results reflect a growing disenchantment with events and holidays that are seen as having been “hijacked” by and for commercial interests.

“They reject what Close and Zinkhan call ‘culturally established ritualised marketplace behaviour’,” says Lee. “In other words, people resist Valentine’s Day because they are morally opposed to the commercialisation of love and the dominant perspective, which they believe marketing has tried to convince everyone, that people must buy something on February 14 to prove they love their partner.”

Sincerity not cash

Lee says that even though “anti-consumption” is still considered a “fringe” phenomenon, it is growing. “Some sceptics may think that anti-consumption attitudes are just the ramblings of a few hippies, but that’s also what people thought of vegetarianism, yoga, the green movement and organic food not so long ago.”

Lee adds that financial difficulties might accelerate the anti-consumption trend.

Close says people can still celebrate the true meaning of the day without buying lavish gifts or giving in to obligations or social pressure. “It’s simply a day to recognise the loved ones in your life, especially the females – your mom, grandma, spouse, crush, girlfriends or colleague – and it doesn’t need to entail much money or time, just sincerity.”

But she says that, ironically, the anti-consumptive patterns could also be seized on for commercial gain. “For traditional Valentine’s Day retailers, there will always be business from the consumer who value tradition, but for others, there is an opportunity for satiric cards, anti-Valentine’s parties and products, singles events and non-traditional relationship products,” she said.

Source: Close, Angeline G. and George M. Zinkhan (2009), “Market Resistance and Valentine’s Day Events,”
Journal of Business Research,
(62) 2 (Feb), 200-207.

LOVE SICK: UNLV researcher finds consumers are rejecting Valentine’s Day materialism

LOVE SICK: UNLV researcher finds consumers are rejecting Valentine’s Day materialism

By RICHARD LAKE LAS VEGAS REVIEW-JOURNAL, Feb. 14, 2009
Source: Close, Angeline G. and George M. Zinkhan (2009), “Market Resistance and Valentine’s Day Events,” Journal of Business Research, (62) 2 (Feb), 200-207.
A version of this article appeared in print of the Las Vegas Review-Journal on February 14, 2009, front page.

Business was lousy Friday at this roadside stand selling Valentine’s Day wares along Decatur Boulevard, says proprietor Gary Huff. He blames the economy, mostly, but also what he sees as a takeover of the holiday by large chain stores. A UNLV professor’s academic study says there’s a growing backlash against the consumerism inherent in Valentine’s Day.
People are sick of the ugly mess that Valentine’s Day has become. They’re sick of the consumerism, sick of the pressure to buy-buy-buy, sick of being told by the corporate masters of the universe that the only equation that matters is Cash = Love. So says a UNLV researcher who’s just published a paper on the topic. The study by marketing prof Angeline Close and a colleague from the University of Georgia spanned several years and featured hundreds of surveys, diaries and interviews. It was published in the February issue of the Journal of Business Research.Close says excessive consumerism has spawned guilt, which forces people to buy stuff, which has led to a nasty backlash against retailers and the entire You Can Buy Love! industry.“They feel it’s taking advantage of people who are in love,” she says.

What she means is this: Everybody knows V-Day is supposed to be about sunny smiles and glorious rainbows and fluffy puppy dogs, but it has somehow morphed into a buy-me-a-trinket-with-diamonds-on-it-and-I’ll-love-you-forever day filled with pressure.

People blame big business.

“Some people feel it was invented by marketers or certain retailers,” she says.

This is true for lots of holidays, of course. Christmas. Mother’s Day. Baby’s First Birthday.

But none of them, Close says, spark the kind of animosity that Valentine’s Day does.

“I’ve never seen an anti-Mother’s Day group,” she says.

But there are plenty of anti-Valentine’s Day groups.

Gary Huff feels that backlash.

Huff runs a roadside stand for lots of holidays: Christmas trees for Christmas; a carnival for Halloween; teddy bears and flowers for Valentine’s Day.

“It’s crazy. It’s ridiculous,” Huff says. “I can’t believe it.”

He was operating his stand Friday on Decatur Boulevard across the street from a shuttered Chevrolet dealership.

It was lunchtime. He’d had three customers all day.

“Used to be, we had a line of people at the cash register all day long,” he says.

Sure, it’s the lousy economy. Christmas tree sales were half of what they should have been last year. The spooky carnival’s attendance was down two-thirds.

But this Valentine’s Day chasm is about more than that, he says: MegaGiantConglomerateCorporations have taken over the world.

“You go to Walgreens, they can give you a dozen for a dollar,” he says. “We can’t have a dollar a dozen.”

And so he waits. In the cold. Beside the road. With tables full of cute bears and colorful flowers that no one wants.

Close, the UNLV researcher, says not buying stuff is just one reaction from the anti-Valentine’s Day crowd.

Some people boycott certain retailers. Some avoid spending lots of money, opting instead for a more personal approach to gift-giving.

They make their own gifts. Or they do something special for their partner, rather than give something special.

Ben Harris, who was buying a heart-shaped box of chocolate Friday for his wife of 28 years, says he and his wife never feel pressure to buy stuff just for buying-stuff’s sake.

“I don’t think gifts are absolutely necessary,” he says. “But when it comes to things like chocolate, it kind of sweetens things up.”

He says the most special Valentine’s Day gift he ever gave his wife didn’t cost a penny. He made it himself.

“I expressed my own feelings about our relationship over the years,” he says. “She was more than happy about it.”

Close says that’s the lesson to take away from her research: That people who reject the overhyped nature of V-Day are forcing themselves to focus on its real meaning.

They’re avoiding excess. They’re professing their love every day, not just on the holiday. The backlash, in short, is having a positive effect.

“Consumers love the meaning of the day,” Close says. “They’re just against the materialism.”

Of course, that’s not true for everybody.

She says research shows that nearly two-thirds of consumers still spend money on Valentine’s Day, despite their general disgust. Spending on the holiday this year is expected to top $14 billion.


Bobby Smith puts the finishing touches on a Valentine’s Day bouquet Friday at a roadside gift stand on Decatur Boulevard, where business was slow compared to last year. (Photo credit: Jason Bean/Las Vegas Review-Journal)

Source: Close, Angeline G. and George M. Zinkhan (2009), “Market Resistance and Valentine’s Day Events,”
Journal of Business Research,
(62) 2 (Feb), 200-207.

The New York Times

Days of Wine and Roses Are Over This Valentine’s

By JENNIFER 8. LEE, Published: February 13, 2009

Source: Close, Angeline G. and George M. Zinkhan (2009), “Market Resistance and Valentine’s Day Events,” Journal of Business Research, (62) 2 (Feb), 200-207.

A version of this article appeared in print on February 14, 2009, front page, national section & on page A12 of the New York edition.

Long-stemmed roses are being replaced by homemade cards. Theater tickets are being replaced by Netflix. Personal jewelry is being replaced by personal poems.

And even some preparing to propose on Saturday are seeking a bargain approach: on Yahoo, searches for “cheap engagement rings” are “off the charts” compared with a year ago, according to Vera Chan, a trend analyst for the company. Other searches that are up over last year include “cheap lingerie,” “free Valentine’s Day cards” and “homemade Valentine’s Day gifts.”

Valentine’s Day, a more discretionary holiday compared with birthdays and Christmas, is proving particularly vulnerable to the bursting of the economic bubble. Diamond jewelry sales are down 20 percent to 30 percent. Flower sales are likely to tighten as well, in part because the day falls on a Saturday.

In the current economic climate, many men say it comes as a great relief not to have to produce a material manifestation of an intangible emotion.

“It has become such an ingrained part of our culture that women expect it and men expect they need to do such things,” said Marc Matsumoto, 31, a New York marketing manager who was laid off in December.

For Mr. Matsumoto, Valentine’s Days past meant splurging on $700 to $1,000 dinners, $400 and $500 dresses from Theory and Eli Tahari, and jewelry from Tiffany’s. This year, he and his wife are planning a meal at home. The menu includes foie gras with persimmon port and lobster sous vide with yuzu butter, but they will split the $125 cost.

Angeline Close, a business professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, who has studied consumer attitudes toward Valentine’s Day, says the reassessment of the day is forcing it back to its roots. It started out as an intimate card-giving occasion in the mid-1800s but then grew into the second-most-marketed holiday after Christmas.

“It became a card and chocolate,” Professor Close said. “Then card, chocolate and roses, and then card, chocolate, roses and a lavish night out.”

Last year, consumers spent an average of $122.98 on Valentine’s Day gifts and merchandise, up from $80 in 2003, according to the National Retail Federation. With men, Professor Close said, “a lot of it had to do with the whole one-upmanship.” This year, however, the average expense is expected to drop 17 percent, to $102.50 this year, the federation said.

Marc Matsumoto, 31, shops in New York. He and his wife are having Valentine’s dinner at home. (Photo credit: Kirsten Luce for The New York Times)

Tim Rhodes, 23, of Snellville, Ga., said he never wanted his wife to feel left out when other men doted on their partners; it seemed like “you don’t love your significant other as much as they love theirs.” This year, Mr. Rhodes and his wife, Beth, are planning to exchange practical gifts, like boots or a coat, and save their money for their move to Russia to teach English.

Creative, personal and experiential have become the key words. Chadd Bennett, 30, of Seattle, and his wife are forgoing their traditional getaways and jewelry this year, and will instead camp out in their living room and build a fort, harking back to their childhood.

“We can still keep that ritual together,” Mr. Bennett said. “It will save us a few hundred bucks, and be a heck of a lot more fun.”

Some men say they are reflecting a perceived shift in women’s thinking that they not spend a “stupid gluttonous amount of money,” said Brad Wilson, 28, of Chicago, the editor in chief of BradsDeals.com, which offers online shopping deals.

Indeed, Candace Lindemann, 31, an educational consultant from Miller Place, N.Y., pre-emptively drew the line, telling her husband, “No cut flowers.”

“I think they are expensive for what they are,” Ms. Lindemann said.

Even if plans include going out, many are finding creative ways to cut corners. Some are using restaurant gift certificates. Others are avoiding the pricey prix fixe dinners and going out for lunch, or dinner during the week.

Susan Jennings, 44, an artist from Manhattan, did both, using a gift certificate for Craft restaurant on Thursday. “We have zero income,” Ms. Jennings said. “We are just living on savings.”

Businesses are adapting in subtle ways. Roses are being sold in bundles of 10 instead of a dozen for a few dollars less. Jewelry companies are pushing less expensive items, like colored stones. Budget restaurants, which have not traditionally been hot spots for lovers, are offering Valentine’s Day specials.

The Internet abounds with ideas for frugal options, like playlists burned onto CDs and coupons for household chores. Sheryl P. Kurland, a relationship counselor, had another suggestion: do whatever it is that you did on your first date. The emphasis “recalls falling in love and nostalgia that’s often filled with humor,” Ms. Kurland said.

Susan Ji-Young Park, 39, of Los Angeles, has seen her income from teaching cooking classes fall sharply lately, so she prepared truffles to send to friends and family, in lieu of $100 orchid arrangements.

The holiday, Professor Close said, may be coming full circle.

“It started as a very pure romantic holiday, until capitalism and marketing spiked it,” she said. “We are retreating back a little bit to the original meaning behind the day.”

Source: Close, Angeline G. and George M. Zinkhan (2009), “Market Resistance and Valentine’s Day Events,” Journal of Business Research, (62) 2 (Feb), 200-207.

Days of Wine and Roses Are Over This Valentine’s


Long-stemmed roses are being replaced by homemade cards. Theater tickets are being replaced by Netflix. Personal jewelry is being replaced by personal poems.

And even some preparing to propose on Saturday are seeking a bargain approach: on Yahoo, searches for “cheap engagement rings” are “off the charts” compared with a year ago, according to Vera Chan, a trend analyst for the company. Other searches that are up over last year include “cheap lingerie,” “free Valentine’s Day cards” and “homemade Valentine’s Day gifts.”

Valentine’s Day, a more discretionary holiday compared with birthdays and Christmas, is proving particularly vulnerable to the bursting of the economic bubble. Diamond jewelry sales are down 20 percent to 30 percent. Flower sales are likely to tighten as well, in part because the day falls on a Saturday.

In the current economic climate, many men say it comes as a great relief not to have to produce a material manifestation of an intangible emotion.

“It has become such an ingrained part of our culture that women expect it and men expect they need to do such things,” said Marc Matsumoto, 31, a New York marketing manager who was laid off in December.

For Mr. Matsumoto, Valentine’s Days past meant splurging on $700 to $1,000 dinners, $400 and $500 dresses from Theory and Eli Tahari, and jewelry from Tiffany’s. This year, he and his wife are planning a meal at home. The menu includes foie gras with persimmon port and lobster sous vide with yuzu butter, but they will split the $125 cost.

Angeline Close, a business professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, who has studied consumer attitudes toward Valentine’s Day, says the reassessment of the day is forcing it back to its roots. It started out as an intimate card-giving occasion in the mid-1800s but then grew into the second-most-marketed holiday after Christmas.

“It became a card and chocolate,” Professor Close said. “Then card, chocolate and roses, and then card, chocolate, roses and a lavish night out.”

Last year, consumers spent an average of $122.98 on Valentine’s Day gifts and merchandise, up from $80 in 2003, according to the National Retail Federation. With men, Professor Close said, “a lot of it had to do with the whole one-upmanship.” This year, however, the average expense is expected to drop 17 percent, to $102.50 this year, the federation said.